AI War Cloud
Battlefield to Desktop
Keywords
artificial intelligence, automated warfare, automated decision making, generative AI, intersectional AI, critical AI, artistic research
About the process
Research references below are provided for further exploration and are distilled down into key points about each system, tagged so that projects can be sorted by type of system and ML task, stated purpose, common use cases, and potential impacts. This allows for discovering common characteristics systems among systems and in/direct relationships among corporations and nations, among weapons and social platforms alike.
No single researcher or maker could encompass the range of intersecting expertise this requires. The project is open-source and developed through an open practice to welcome collaboration, interdisciplinary contribution, and feedback. The code is presented in-process and in accessible, non-proprietary formats, so that the frameworks can adapt as the technologies and contexts change—and so that other artists and researchers can contribute to or build on the materials.
Work is ongoing with systems added regularly, and source updates are welcome. Contact Sarah for more.
Credits
Design, programming, research, writing: Sarah Ciston.
Acknowledgments: Thank you to Claire Carroll, Kate Crawford, Ariana Dongus, Vladan Joler, Pedro Oliveira, Miller Puckette, Corbinian Ruckerbauer, Nataša Vukajlovic, Ben Wagner and the AI Futures Lab, Thorsten Wetzling, Cambridge Digital Humanities, and the Center for Advanced Internet Studies for discussions and support that contributed to the work.
Graph icons (Noun Project, CC BY): Amethyst Studio, Anggara Putra, bsd studio, Creative Stall, Dan Hetteix, Dewi Novita Sari, Dierys Design, diyah farida, Edy Susanto, Frebers, Gan Khoon Lay, Good Father, H Alberto Gongora, Hye Jee Kim, Iconathon, Joanne Lush, lastspark, Laymik, Lluisa Iborra, LUTFI GANI AL ACHMAD, Mohamed Mb, Nakul Dhaka, Oleksandr Panasovskyi, P Thanga Vignesh, Pentagon88, ProSymbols, Puspa Kusuma, SAADI ALA, Srinivas Agra, Sulistiana, Valentin Cazin, Vectors Market, Wartina Anggraeni.
Additional image and video credits: Airstrike footage, IDF press releases via reddit; Iris scan in a supermarket in the Zaatari refugee camp, copyright Muhammad Hamed/Reuters; news stories in Kyle Wiggers for TechCrunch, Ryan Grim and Waqas Ahmed for DropSiteNews, and Rebecca Bellan for Tech Crunch; company logos from respective companies.
Full Bibliography
[ ] ground zero. “Criticism of the Transparent Battlefield – What Language Models and Big Data Mean in War.” Accessed November 14, 2024. https://ground-zero.khm.de/portfolio/criticism-of-the-transparent-battlefield-what-language-models-and-big-data-actually-mean-in-war/.
10172, and 253. “Closing the Data Broker Loophole | Brennan Center for Justice,” January 4, 2024. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/closing-data-broker-loophole.
“About SMARTSHOOTER - Smart-Shooter,” January 27, 2021. https://www.smart-shooter.com/about-smart-shooter/.
Abraham, Yuval. “‘A Mass Assassination Factory’: Inside Israel’s Calculated Bombing of Gaza.” +972 Magazine, November 30, 2023. https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/.
———. “‘Lavender’: The AI Machine Directing Israel’s Bombing Spree in Gaza.” +972 Magazine, April 3, 2024. https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/.
———. “‘Order from Amazon’: Tech Giants Storing Mass Data for Israel’s War.” +972 Magazine, August 4, 2024. https://www.972mag.com/cloud-israeli-army-gaza-amazon-google-microsoft/.
“Advanced AI System Shows Promise in the Field | AFCEA International,” March 1, 2025. https://www.afcea.org/signal-media/emerging-edge/advanced-ai-system-shows-promise-field.
Ahronheim, Anna. “Israel’s Operation against Hamas Was the World’s First AI War.” The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com, May 27, 2021. https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/gaza-news/guardian-of-the-walls-the-first-ai-war-669371.
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Amaral, Gabriel, Pavlo Tyshevskyi, Geoffroy Nicolas, Corentin Petit, Fanny Olivier-Autran, and Theophane Gregoir. Generalizable entity resolution based on ontology structures. United States US20250165857A1, filed April 24, 2024, and issued May 22, 2025. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20250165857A1/en?assignee=palantir&before=priority:20241231&after=priority:20240101&oq=assignee:(palantir)+2024.
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“Anduril Partners with OpenAI to Advance U.S. Artificial Intelligence Leadership and Protect U.S. and Allied Forces.” Accessed February 27, 2025. https://www.anduril.com/anduril-partners-with-openai-to-advance-u-s-artificial-intelligence-leadership-and-protect-u-s/.
Anupam, Tiwari, Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers, New Delhi, India., Tiwari Adarsh, and Department of Electronics and Communication Engineeering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. “AUTOMATION IN DECISION OODA: LOOP, SPIRAL OR FRACTAL.” I-Manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems 9, no. 2 (2020): 1. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18116.
AP News. “As Israel Uses US-Made AI Models in War, Concerns Arise about Tech’s Role in Who Lives and Who Dies,” February 18, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-ai-technology-737bc17af7b03e98c29cec4e15d0f108.
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Arkhipkin, Vladimir, Andrei Filatov, Viacheslav Vasilev, Anastasia Maltseva, Said Azizov, Igor Pavlov, Julia Agafonova, Andrey Kuznetsov, and Denis Dimitrov. “Kandinsky 3.0 Technical Report.” arXiv, June 28, 2024. http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.03511.
Askonas, Jonathan, and Paul and Scherz. “Introduction to Special Section on Virtue in the Loop: Virtue Ethics and Military AI.” Journal of Military Ethics 23, no. 3–4 (October 1, 2024): 245–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2024.2441050.
Atherton, Kelsey D. “This High-Tech Gunsight Could Allow Soldiers to Shoot around Corners, Matrix-Style.” Popular Science, September 17, 2021. https://www.popsci.com/technology/arcas-high-tech-gunsight/.
Avital, Yaniv. “IDF: We used AI to thwart Hamas cell leaders (translated).” Geektime, February 13, 2023. https://www.geektime.co.il/idf-fights-hamas-with-ai-and-data-science/.
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Batkhuu, Amar. “Scopely to Acquire Niantic’s Games Business, Including One of the Most Successful Mobile Games of All Time: ‘Pokémon GO.’” Savvy Games Group, March 12, 2025. https://savvygames.com/scopely-to-acquire-niantics-games-business-including-one-of-the-most-successful-mobile-games-of-all-time-pokemon-go/.
Beck, John, and Ryan Bishop. Technocrats of the Imagination: Art, Technology, and the Military-Industrial Avant-Garde. Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2020.
Bellan, Rebecca. “Microsoft Lays off an Ethical AI Team as It Doubles down on OpenAI.” TechCrunch (blog), March 14, 2023. https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/13/microsoft-lays-off-an-ethical-ai-team-as-it-doubles-down-on-openai/.
Ben-David, Ricky. “Google’s First Local Cloud Region for Israel Goes Live.” Accessed January 17, 2025. https://www.timesofisrael.com/googles-first-local-cloud-region-for-israel-goes-live/.
Biddle, Sam. “Google Activists Circulated Internal Petition on Israel Ties. Only the Muslim Got a Call from HR.” The Intercept, November 15, 2023. https://theintercept.com/2023/11/15/google-israel-gaza-nimbus-protest/.
———. “OpenAI Quietly Deletes Ban on Using ChatGPT for ‘Military and Warfare.’” The Intercept, January 12, 2024. https://theintercept.com/2024/01/12/open-ai-military-ban-chatgpt/.
Bloomberg.com. “Meta Opens Its AI Models to US Defense Agencies and Contractors.” November 4, 2024. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-04/meta-opens-llama-ai-models-to-us-defense-agencies-contractors.
Bloomberg.com. “Palantir Supplying Israel With New Tools Since Hamas War Started.” January 10, 2024. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-10/palantir-supplying-israel-with-new-tools-since-hamas-war-started.
Bo, Marta, and Jessica Dorsey. “Symposium on Military AI and the Law of Armed Conflict: The ‘Need’ for Speed – The Cost of Unregulated AI Decision-Support Systems to Civilians.” Opinio Juris (blog), April 4, 2024. https://opiniojuris.org/2024/04/04/symposium-on-military-ai-and-the-law-of-armed-conflict-the-need-for-speed-the-cost-of-unregulated-ai-decision-support-systems-to-civilians/.
Böhlen, Marc, Gede Sughiarta, Atiek Kurnianingsih, Srikar Reddy Gopaladinne, Sujay Shrivastava, and Hemanth Kumar Reddy Gorla. “GeoAI in Resource-Constrained Environments.” arXiv, August 30, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.17361.
BOSWORTH, Andrew Garrod. Asynchronous co-watching. World Intellectual Property Organization WO2020003292A1, filed August 12, 2019, and issued January 2, 2020. https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2020003292A1/en?q=(defense)&assignee=Facebook%2c+Inc.&num=100&oq=(defense)+assignee:(Facebook%2c+Inc.)&sort=new.
Brachmann, Eric, and Victor Adrian Prisacariu. “Building a Large Geospatial Model to Achieve Spatial Intelligence – Niantic Labs.” Niantic Labs News (blog), November 12, 2024. https://nianticlabs.com/news/largegeospatialmodel.
Burton, Joe. “Histories of Technologies: Society, the State, and the Emergence of Postmodern Warfare.” In Emerging Technologies and International Security. Routledge, 2020.
Caputo, Marc. “Scoop: State Dept. to Use AI to Revoke Visas of Foreign Students Who Appear ‘pro-Hamas.’” Axios, March 6, 2025. https://www.axios.com/2025/03/06/state-department-ai-revoke-foreign-student-visas-hamas.
“CDAO (U.S. Department of Defense),” May 31, 2024. https://huggingface.co/CDAO.
Censored, Project. “Military AI Watch,” March 27, 2025. https://www.projectcensored.org/military-ai-watch/.
Centre for Emerging Technology and Security. “The Limits of Digital Representations of the Battlefield.” Accessed November 15, 2024. https://cetas.turing.ac.uk/publications/limits-digital-representations-battlefield.
Chaar López, Iván. The Cybernetic Border: Drones, Technology, and Intrusion. Duke University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478059035.
Cheng, Myra, Kristina Gligoric, Tiziano Piccardi, and Dan Jurafsky. “AnthroScore: A Computational Linguistic Measure of Anthropomorphism.” arXiv.org, February 3, 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.02056v1.
Col. Racheli Dembinsky Speaking at a Conference Titled “IT for IDF”, July 2024, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLBDfnZJrC8.
Cole ·, Samantha. “Leaked Documents Show Nvidia Scraping ‘A Human Lifetime’ of Videos Per Day to Train AI.” 404 Media, August 5, 2024. https://www.404media.co/nvidia-ai-scraping-foundational-model-cosmos-project/.
———. “Nvidia Sued for Scraping YouTube After 404 Media Investigation.” 404 Media, August 16, 2024. https://www.404media.co/nvidia-sued-for-scraping-youtube-after-404-media-investigation/.
Comment, Alex Alley. “Report: Contractors Injured While Building Microsoft Data Center in Israel,” January 30, 2020. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/report-contractors-injured-while-building-microsoft-data-center-israel/.
Comment, Dan Swinhoe. “Microsoft Quietly Launches Israeli Azure Cloud Region,” October 31, 2023. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/microsoft-quietly-launches-israeli-azure-cloud-region/.
———. “Oracle to Open Israeli Cloud Region in Underground Jerusalem Data Center,” February 10, 2021. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/oracle-opens-israeli-cloud-region-underground-jerusalem-data-center/.
———. “Residents Protest against Google Data Center in Bnei Zion, Israel,” September 14, 2021. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/residents-protest-against-google-data-center-in-bnei-zion-israel/.
Comment, Sebastian Moss. “Google Plans to Build Fourth Israeli Data Center, despite Employee Protests over Nimbus Contract,” November 11, 2021. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/google-plans-to-build-fourth-israeli-data-center-despite-employee-protests-over-nimbus-contract/.
Copes, Martin, Mohamed Zaki Trache, and Christopher JEGANATHAN. Artificial intelligence system user interfaces. European Union EP4443310A1, filed April 5, 2024, and issued October 9, 2024. https://patents.google.com/patent/EP4443310A1/en?q=(Palantir+Technologies+Inc)&oq=Palantir+Technologies+Inc&sort=new&page=2.
Copes, Martin, Mohamed Zaki Trache, and Christopher Jeganathan. Artificial intelligence system user interfaces. United States US20240338232A1, filed April 2, 2024, and issued October 10, 2024. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20240338232A1/en?assignee=palantir&before=priority:20231231&after=priority:20230101&oq=assignee:(palantir)+2023.
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———. “Inside ShadowDragon, The Tool That Lets ICE Monitor Pregnancy Tracking Sites and Fortnite Players.” 404 Media, September 18, 2023. https://www.404media.co/inside-shadowdragon-ice-babycenter-pregnancy-fortnite-black-planet/.
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Darıcılı, Ali Burak, and Nourhan El-Bayaa. “Using Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Intelligence Operations and Analysis.” In Cyber Security in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Weapons. CRC Press, 2024.
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Goode, Lauren. “Hinge Will Try to Thwart Scammers With Video Verification.” Wired. Accessed October 13, 2024. https://www.wired.com/story/hinge-selfie-verification-scammers-bots/.
Goodfriend, Sophia. “For Israel’s Weary Army, War in Lebanon Is an Attempt to Salvage Its Image.” +972 Magazine, October 2, 2024. https://www.972mag.com/lebanon-war-israeli-army-image/.
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Gould, Lauren, Linde Arentze, and Marijn Hoijtink. “Assembling the Future of Warfare: Innovating Swarm Technology within the Dutch Military–Industrial–Commercial Complex.” In Beyond Ukraine: Debating the Future of War, edited by Christopher Coker, Tim Sweijs, and Jeffrey H. Michaels, 0. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197790243.003.0013.
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Grim, Ryan. “The Israeli Military Is One of Microsoft’s Top AI Customers, Leaked Documents Reveal,” January 27, 2025. https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/microsoft-azure-israel-top-customer-ai-cloud.
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